Diaphragmatic flutter: A case report and literature review

Diaphragmatic flutter is a rare condition characterised by rhythmic involuntary contractions of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles innervated by cervical nerve roots. It has been described in people of all ages and both sexes. Its clinical presentation varies greatly and clinical symptoms are quite unusual, which may result in late diagnoses and ineffective treatments. Symptoms include thoracic or abdominal pain and dyskinetic movements in the thorax and abdominal wall. Idiopathic diaphragmatic flutter is the most common presentation, although it has also been described in association with other clinical and surgical entities. Diagnosis is based on strong clinical suspicion in addition to fluoroscopy or electrophysiological studies showing diaphragm movement. No clinical studies have addressed treatment options for this disorder. Current treatment relies